Dennis M. Hanratty, ed. Ecuador: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress,
1989.
Acknowledgments
Preface
HISTORY
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
DISCOVERY AND CONQUEST
SPANISH COLONIAL ERA
THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE
THE FIRST CENTURY OF THE REPUBLIC
Initial Confusion, 1830-60
The Era of Conservatism, 1860-95
The Rule of the Liberals, 1895-1925
Reform, Chaos, and Debacle, 1925-44
THE POSTWAR ERA, 1944-84
Constitutional Rule, 1948-60
Instability and Military Dominance, 1960-72
Direct Military Rule, 1972-79
Return to Democratic Rule, 1979-84
GEOGRAPHY
Natural Regions
Rivers
Climate
SOCIETY
POPULATION
MIGRATION AND URBANIZATION
SOCIAL CLASSES
Elite
Middle Class
Peasants
Workers
ETHNIC GROUPS
Whites and Mestizos
Blacks
Sierra Indians
Oriente Indians
FAMILY AND KIN
RELIGION
Education
Health and Social Security
The Economy
GROWTH AND STRUCTURE OF THE ECONOMY
ROLE OF GOVERNMENT
Fiscal Policies
Government Budget Process
HUMAN RESOURCES AND INCOME
Composition of Labor Force
Employment Indicators and Benefits
Organized Labor
AGRICULTURE
Land Use and Tenure
Crops
Livestock and Poultry
Fishing
Forestry
NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENERGY
Petroleum and Natural Gas
Mining and Minerals
Electric Power
MANUFACTURING
SERVICES
Financial System
Tourism
Government and Politics
CONSTITUTIONAL BACKGROUND
GOVERNMENTAL STRUCTURE
The Executive
The Legislature
The Judiciary
Public Administration
Local Government
The Electoral Process
POLITICAL DYNAMICS
Political Parties
Traditional Parties
Other Parties
Personalist Movements
Party Politics in the 1980s
Political Forces and Interest Groups
The Roman Catholic Church
The Military
The Economic Elite
Labor
Students
The Media
FOREIGN RELATIONS
The United States
Other Nations and International Organizations
Bibliography
Country Studies Index
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