Austria Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Barker, Elisabeth. Austria, 1918-1972. Coral Gables, Florida: University of Miami Press, 1973. Bridge, F.R. The Habsburg Monarchy among the Great Powers, 1815-1918. New York: Berg, 1990. Evans, Robert John Weston. The Making of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1550-1700: An Interpretation. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984. Gellott, Laura S. The Catholic Church and the Authoritarian Regime in Austria, 1933-1938. New York: Garland, 1987. Jelavich, Barbara. The Habsburg Empire in European Affairs, 1814-1918. Chicago: Rand McNally, 1969. ------. Modern Austria: Empire and Republic, 1815-1986. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987. Johnson, Lonnie. Introducing Austria: A Short History. Riverside, California: Ariadne Press, 1989. Kann, Robert A. A History of the Habsburg Empire, 1526-1918. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977. Leeper, Alexander Wigram Allen. A History of Medieval Austria. London: Oxford University Press, 1941. Low, Alfred D. The Anschluss Movement, 1918-1938: Background and Aftermath--An Annotated Bibliography of German and Austrian Nationalism. New York: Garland, 1984. Luza, Radomir. Austro-German Relations in the Anschluss Era. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975. ------. The Resistance in Austria, 1938-1945. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1984. Macartney, Carlile Aylmer. The Habsburg Empire, 1790-1918. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1968. Reinerman, Alan J. Austria and the Papacy in the Age of Metternich. (2 vols.) Washington: Catholic University of America Press, 1979. Sully, Melanie A. A Contemporary History of Austria. London: Routlege, 1990. ------. Continuity and Change in Austrian Socialism: The Eternal Quest for the Third Way. Boulder, Colorado: East European Monographs, 1982. Tapié, Victor Lucien. The Rise and Fall of the Habsburg Monarchy. New York: Praeger, 1971. Vexler, Robert I. Austria: A Chronology and Fact Book, 1437-1973. Dobbs Ferry, New York: Oceana, 1977. Ward, David. 1848: The Fall of Metternich and the Year of Revolution. New York: Weybright and Talley, 1970. Williamson, Samuel R. Austria-Hungary and the Origins of the First World War. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1991. Zöllner, Erich. Geschichte Österreichs: Von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart. Vienna: Verlag für Geschichte und Politik, 1970. Chapter 2 Austria. Austrian Museum for Economic and Social Affairs. Survey of the Austrian Economy, 92-93: The Austrian Economy and Its International Position in Data, Diagrams, and Tables. Vienna: 1992. ------. Austrian Museum for Economic and Social Affairs. Survey of the Austrian Economy, 93-94: The Austrian Economy and Its International Position in Data, Diagrams, and Tables. Vienna: 1993. ------. Bundeskammer für Arbeiter und Angestellte. Wirtschafts- und Sozialstatistisches Taschenbuch, 1992. Vienna: 1992. ------. Dokumentationsarchiv des Österreichischen Widerstandes und Ministerium für Erziehung, Kunst, und Sport. Österreicher und der Zweite Weltkrieg. Vienna: Österreichischer Bundesverlag, 1989. ------. Federal Press Service. Austria: Facts and Figures. Vienna: 1990. ------. Federal Press Service. Austria and the New Emigration. Vienna: 1990. ------. Federal Press Service. The Austrian Educational System. Vienna: 1990. ------. Federal Press Service. Burden Sharing: Austria's Contribution to International Solidarity. Vienna: 1991. ------. Federal Press Service. The First Republic, 1918-1938. Vienna: 1988. ------. Federal Press Service. Jewish Life in Austria. Vienna: 1992. ------. Federal Press Service. The Rational Approach to Labour and Industry. Vienna: 1990. ------. Federal Press Service. Religions in Austria. Vienna: 1990. ------. Federal Press Service. Social Security in Austria. Vienna: 1988. ------. Ministerium für Wissenschaft und Forschung. Hochschulbericht, 1990. Vienna: 1990. ------. Ministerium für Wissenschaft und Forschung. Statistisches Taschenbuch. Vienna: 1991. ------. Ministerium für Wissenschaft und Forschung. Zur Sozialen Lage der Studierenden, 1990. Vienna: 1990. ------. Ministry for Foreign Affairs. Austrian Foreign Policy Yearbook, 1991. Vienna: 1991. ------. Österreichisches Statistisches Zentralamt. Sozialstatistische Daten, 1990. (Beiträge zur Österreichischen Statistik, No. 967.) Vienna: 1990. ------. Österreichisches Statistisches Zentralamt. Statistisches Handbuch für die Republik Österreich, 1991. Vienna: 1991. ------. Österreichisches Statistisches Zentralamt. Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Republik Österreich, 1992. Vienna: 1992. ------. Österreichisches Statistisches Zentralamt. Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Republik Österreich, 1993. Vienna: 1993. ------. Staatssekretariat für allgemeine Frauenfragen, Bundeskanzleramt. Frauen in Österreich, 1975-85. Vienna: 1985. ------. Staatssekretariat für allgemeine Frauenfragen, Bundeskanzleramt. Frauen in Österreich, 1985-90. Vienna: 1990. Baratta, Mario von (ed.). Der Fischer Weltalmanach, 1994. Frankfurt: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, 1993. Bartunek, Ewald. "Erwerbstätigkeit, Arbeitsmarkt." Pages 133-86 in Austria, Österreichisches Statistisches Zentralamt, Sozialstatistische Daten, 1990. (Beiträge zur Österreichischen Statistik, No. 967.) Vienna: 1990. Dallinger, Alfred. "Social Security in Austria." Pages 197-204 in Jim Sweeney and Josef Weidenholzer (eds.), Austria: A Study in Modern Achievement. Aldershot, United Kingdom: Avebury, 1988. Dungler, Herta, and Wilhelm Janik. "Wohnen." Pages 323-50 in Austria, Österreichisches Statistisches Zentralamt, Sozialstatistische Daten, 1990. (Beiträge zur Österreichischen Statistik, No. 967.) Vienna: 1990. Fassmann, Heinz. "Einwanderung, Auswanderung, und Binnenwanderung in Österreich-Ungarn um 1910." Pages 92-101 in Heinz Fassmann et al. (eds.), Demographische Informationen, 1990- 91. Vienna: Institut für Demographie, Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1991. Fassmann, Heinz, and Rainer Münz. "Einwanderungsland Österreich?" Pages 85-91 in Heinz Fassmann et al. (eds.), Demographische Informationen, 1990-91. Vienna: Institut für Demographie, Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1991. Filla, Wilhelm. "National Minorities in Austria." Pages 250-55 in Jim Sweeney and Josef Weidenholzer (eds.), Austria: A Study in Modern Achievement. Aldershot, United Kingdom: Avebury, 1988. Findl, Peter. "Ehe, Familie, Haushalt." Pages 43-76 in Austria, Österreichisches Statistisches Zentralamt, Sozialstatistische Daten, 1990. (Beiträge zur Österreichischen Statistik, No. 967.) Vienna: 1990. Fitzmaurice, John. Austrian Politics and Society Today: In Defence of Austria. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1990. Fraser, Angus. The Gypsies. Oxford: Blackwell, 1992. Hainka, Alexander. "Bevölkerung." Pages 9-42 in Austria, Österreichisches Statistisches Zentralamt, Sozialstatistische Daten, 1990. (Beiträge zur Österreichischen Statistik, No. 967.) Vienna: 1990. Heiler, Bernhard, and Friedrich Nitsch. "Schulwesen, Bildung." Pages 101-33 in Austria, Österreichisches Statistisches Zentralamt, Sozialstatistische Daten, 1990. (Beiträge zur Österreichischen Statistik, No. 967.) Vienna: 1990. Johnson, Lonnie. Introducing Austria: A Short History. Riverside, California: Ariadne Press, 1989. Karmasin, Fritz. Austrian Attitudes Toward Jews, Israel, and the Holocaust. (Working Papers on Contemporary Anti-Semitism.) New York: American Jewish Committee, 1992. Leitner, Helga. "Demography and Population Problems." Pages 75-98 in Kurt Steiner (ed.), Modern Austria. Palo Alto, California: Society for the Promotion of Science and Scholarship, 1981. März, Eduard. "Austria's Economic Development: 1945-85." Pages 27-46 in Jim Sweeney and Josef Weidenholzer (eds.), Austria: A Study in Modern Achievement. Aldershot, United Kingdom: Avebury, 1988. Mayerhofer, Claudia. Dorfzigeuner: Kultur und Geschichte der Burgenland-Roma von der Ersten Republik bis sur Gegenwart. Vienna: Picus Verlag, 1987. Moritz, Herbert. "Education in Austria." Pages 217-25 in Jim Sweeney and Josef Weidenholzer (eds.), Austria: A Study in Modern Achievement. Aldershot, United Kingdom: Avebury, 1988. Neyer, Gerda. "Alleinerziehende in Österreich." Pages 68-73 in Heinz Fassmann et al. (eds.), Demographische Informationen, 1990-91. Vienna: Institut für Demographie, Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1991. Pauley, Bruce. From Prejudice to Persecution: A History of Austrian Anti-Semitism. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992. Population Crisis Committee. "The International Human Suffering Index." Washington: 1992 Stadler, Karl. Austria. (Nations of the Modern World Series.) New York: Praeger, 1971. Steger, Gerhard. "The Churches and Politics." Pages 250-54 in Jim Sweeney and Josef Weidenholzer (eds.), Austria: A Study in Modern Achievement. Aldershot, United Kingdom: Avebury, 1988. Steiner, Kurt. "Education and Educational Policy." Pages 321-34 in Kurt Steiner (ed.), Modern Austria. Palo Alto, California: Society for the Promotion of Science and Scholarship, 1981. ------. "Higher Education." Pages 335-44 in Kurt Steiner (ed.), Modern Austria. Palo Alto, California: Society for the Promotion of Science and Scholarship, 1981. Steiner, Kurt (ed.). Modern Austria. Palo Alto, California: Society for the Promotion of Science and Scholarship, 1981. Stojka, Ceija. Wir leben im Verborgenen: Erinnerungen einer Rom- Zigeunerin. Vienna: Picus Verlag, 1989. Stourzh, Gerald. Vom Reich zur Republik: Studien zum Österreichischbewusstsein im 20. Jahrhundert. Vienna: Edition Atelier, 1990. Strasser, Rudolf. "Social Policy Since 1945: Democracy and the Welfare State." Pages 301-20 in Kurt Steiner (ed.), Modern Austria. Palo Alto, California: Society for the Promotion of Science and Scholarship, 1981. Sweeney, Jim, and Josef Weidenholzer (eds.). Austria: A Study in Modern Achievement. Aldershot, United Kingdom: Avebury, 1988. Tomasevic, Nebojsa. Gypsies of the World. New York: H. Holt, 1988. United States. Department of State. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1993. (Report submitted to United States Congress, 103d, 2d Session, House of Representatives, Committee on Foreign Affairs, and Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations.) Washington: GPO, 1994. Vollman, Kurt, and Eva Dragosits. "Einkommen, materieller Lebensstandard." Pages 187-234 in Austria, Österreichisches Statistisches Zentralamt, Sozialstatistische Daten, 1990. (Beiträge zur Österreichischen Statistik, No. 967.) Vienna: 1990. Weinzierl, Erika. "Religions and Their Relations to State and Parties." Pages 99-122 in Kurt Steiner (ed.), Modern Austria. Palo Alto, California: Society for the Promotion of Science and Scholarship, 1981. Welpton, Eric. The Austrians: How They Live and Work. London: David and Charles, 1970. Wohlschlägl, Helmut. "Austria: Landscape and Regional Structure." Pages 23-74 in Kurt Steiner (ed.), Modern Austria. Palo Alto, California: Society for the Promotion of Science and Scholarship, 1981. Wright, William E. (ed.). Austria since 1945. Minneapolis: Center for Austrian Studies, University of Minnesota, 1982. Chapter 3 Arndt, Sven W. Political Economy of Austria. Washington: American Enterprise Institute, 1982. Austria. Austria Documentation. Austria for Investors: General Information. Vienna: Federal Press Service, 1990. ------. Austria Documentation. The Rational Approach to Labor and Industry. Vienna: Federal Press Service, 1990. ------. Austrian Information Service. Austria: Selected Economic Data. Vienna: Bundeswirtschaftskammer, 1992. ------. Austrian Museum for Economic and Social Affairs. Survey of the Austrian Economy, 91-92: The Austrian Economy and Its International Position in Data, Diagrams, and Tables. Vienna: 1991. ------. Austrian Museum for Economic and Social Affairs. Survey of the Austrian Economy, 92-93: The Austrian Economy and Its International Position in Data, Diagrams, and Tables. Vienna: 1992. ------. Austrian Museum for Economic and Social Affairs. Survey of the Austrian Economy, 93-94: The Austrian Economy and Its International Position in Data, Diagrams, and Tables. Vienna: 1993. ------. Austrian Museum for Economic and Social Affairs. Survey of the Austrian Economy, 94-95: The Austrian Economy and Its International Position in Data, Diagrams, and Tables. Vienna: 1994. ------. Bundeskammer der Gewerblichen Wirtschaft. "Bundessektion Geld-, Kredit-, und Versicherungswesen." Pages 61-73, 235-51 in Jahrbuch der Österreichischen Wirtschaft, 1990. Vienna: Ungar, 1991. ------. Bundeskammer der Gewerblichen Wirtschaft. "Bundessektion Handel." Pages 225-34 in Jahrbuch der Österreichischen Wirtschaft, 1990. Vienna: Ungar, 1991. ------. Österreichisches Statistisches Zentralamt. Statistisches Handbuch für die Republik Österreich, 1972. Vienna: 1972. ------. Österreichisches Statistisches Zentralamt. Statistisches Handbuch für die Republik Österreich, 1982. Vienna: 1982. ------. Österreichisches Statistisches Zentralamt. Statistisches Handbuch für die Republik Österreich, 1991. Vienna: 1991. ------. Österreichisches Statistisches Zentralamt. Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Republik Österreich, 1992. Vienna: 1992. Baratta, Mario von (ed.). Der Fischer Weltalmanach, 1994. Frankfurt: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, 1993. Butschek, Felix. "EC Membership and the `Velvet' Revolution: The Impact of Recent Political Changes on Austria's Economic Position in Europe." Pages 62-80 in Günter Bischof and Anton Pelinka (eds.), Austria in the New Europe. (Contemporary Austrian Studies, No. 1.) New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Books, 1993. The Europa World Year Book, 1993, 1. London: Europa, 1993. Gruenwald, Oskar. "The Political Economy of Austria." Pages 150-55 in Sven W. Arndt (ed.), Austrian Industrial Structure and Industrial Policy. Washington: American Enterprise Institute, 1982. Haschek, Helmut H. "Trade, Trade Finance, and the Austrian Economy." Pages 176-98 in Sven W. Arndt (ed.), Austrian Industrial Structure and Industrial Policy. Washington: American Enterprise Institute, 1982. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. OECD Economic Surveys: Austria (annuals 1972 and 1981-1982 through 1992-1993). Paris: 1972 and 1982-93. Österreichisches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung. "Kennzahlen zur Konjunkturlage der Industriebranchen," WIFO Monatsbericht [Vienna], April 1992, 5, 25, 164-70, 178, 180-81. Stankovsky, Jan. Der Aussenhandel Österreichs: Entwicklung und Struktur. Vienna: Bundeswirtschaftsakademie, 1990. Starik, W. "Die Österreichische Energieversorgung--Bisherige Entwicklung und Perspektiven," Österreichische Zeitschrift für Elektrizitätswirtschaft [Vienna], August, 1991, 281-88. Sweeney, Jim, and Josef Weidenholzer (eds.). Austria: A Study in Modern Achievement. Aldershot, United Kingdom: Avebury, 1988. Traxler, Franz. "Austria: Still the Country of Corporatism." Pages 270-97 in Anthony Ferner and Richard Hyman (eds.), Industrial Relations in the New Europe. Oxford: Blackwell, 1992. (Various issues of the following periodicals were also used in the preparation of this chapter: Austria Today [Vienna]; Economist [London]; Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile: Austria [London] and Country Report: Austria [London]; Financial Times [London]; Foreign Broadcast Information Service, Daily Report: West Europe; Handelsblatt [Düsseldorf]; Österreichisches Institute für Wirtschaftsforschung, Statistische Übersichten [Vienna]; and Trend [Vienna].) Chapter 4 Austria. Federal Press Service. The Mass Media in Austria. Vienna: 1990. ------. Federal Press Service. The Political System in Austria. Vienna: 1987. Bischof, Günter, and Anton Pelinka (eds.). Austria in the New Europe. (Contemporary Austrian Studies, No. 1.) New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Books, 1993. Dyk, Irene. "The Austrian People's Party." Pages 67-81 in Jim Sweeney and Josef Weidenholzer (eds.), Austria: A Study in Modern Achievement. Aldershot, United Kingdom: Avebury, 1988. The Europa World Year Book, 1993, 1. London: Europa, 1993. Fabris, Heinz. "The Media." Pages 236-44 in Jim Sweeney and Josef Weidenholzer (eds.), Austria: A Study in Modern Achievement. Aldershot, United Kindgdom: Avebury, 1988. Feichtlbauer, Hubert. "The Media." Pages 279-300 in Kurt Steiner (ed.), Modern Austria. Palo Alto, California: Society for the Promotion of Science and Scholarship, 1981. Fellner, Fritz. "The Genesis of the Austrian Republic." Pages 1-22 in Kurt Steiner (ed.), Modern Austria. Palo Alto, California: Society for the Promotion of Science and Scholarship, 1981. Fischer, Heinz. "Das Parlament." Pages 96-117 in Handbuch des politischen Systems Österreichs, eds., Herbert Dachs et al. Vienna: Manz, 1991. ------. "Die Reform der nationalratswahlordnung, 1992." Pages 341-60, in Österreichisches Jahrbuch für Politik, 1992, eds., Andreas Khol, Günther Ofner, and Alfred Stirnemann. Vienna: Verlag für Geschichte und Politik, 1993. Fitzmaurice, John. Austrian Politics and Society Today: In Defence of Austria. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1990. Flanz, Gisbert H., and Peter Knize. "Austria." Pages 1-133 in Albert P. Blaustein and Gisbert H. Flanz (eds.), Constitutions of the Countries of the World. Dobbs Ferry, New York: Oceana, 1985. Frischenschlager, Friedhelm. "Zur Praxis der parlamentarischen Arbeit im Österreichischen Nationalrat." Pages 723-56 in Herbert Schambeck (ed.), Österreichs Parlamentarismus: Werden und System. Berlin: Duncker und Humblot, 1986. Gerlich, Peter. "Government Structure: The Principles of Government." Pages 209-22 in Kurt Steiner (ed.), Modern Austria. Palo Alto, California: Society for the Promotion of Science and Scholarship, 1981. Haerpfer, Christian. "Austria: The 'United Greens' and the 'Alternative List/Green Alternative'." Pages 23-38 in Ferdinand Müller-Rommel (ed.), New Politics in Western Europe: The Rise and Success of Green Parties and Alternative Lists. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1989. Handbuch des politischen Systems Österreichs. (Eds., Herbert Dachs et al.) Vienna: Manz, 1991. Klose, Alfred. Machtstrukturen in Österreich. Vienna: Signum, 1987. Kneucker, Raoul F. "Public Administration: The Business of Government." Pages 261-78 in Kurt Steiner (ed.), Modern Austria. Palo Alto, California: Society for the Promotion of Science and Scholarship, 1981. Kostelka, Peter, and Ralf Unkart. "Vom Stellenwert des Federalismus in Österreich." Pages 337-60 in Heinz Fischer (ed.), Das politische System Österreichs. Vienna: Manz, 1991. Kramer, Helmut. "Strukturentwicklung der Aussenpolitik: 1945-1990." Pages 637-57 in Handbuch des politischen Systems Österreichs, eds., Herbert Dachs et al. Vienna: Manz, 1991. Luif, Paul. "Austrian Neutrality and the Europe of 1992." Pages 19-41 in Günter Bischof and Anton Pelinka (eds.), Austria in the New Europe. (Contemporary Austrian Studies, No. 1.) New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Books, 1993. Luther, Kurt Richard. "Consociationalism, Parties, and the Party System." Pages 45-98 in Kurt Richard Luther and Wolfgang C. Müller (eds.), Politics in Austria: Still a Case of Consociationalism? London: Frank Cass, 1992. Luther, Kurt Richard, and Wolfgang C. Müller. "Consociationalism and the Austrian Political System." Pages 1-15 in Kurt Richard Luther and Wolfgang C. Müller (eds.), Politics in Austria: Still a Case of Consociationalism? London: Frank Cass, 1992. Luther, Kurt Richard, and Wolfgang C. Müller (eds.). Politics in Austria: Still a Case of Consociationalism? London: Frank Cass, 1977. Mitten, Richard. The Politics of Antisemitic Prejudice: The Waldheim Phenomenon in Austria. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1992. Müller, Wolfgang C. "Austrian Governmental Institutions: Do They Matter?" Pages 99-131 in Kurt Richard Luther and Wolfgang C. Müller (eds.), Politics in Austria: Still a Case of Consociationalism? London: Frank Cass, 1992. Neuhofer, Hans. "Gemeinden." Pages 774-84 in Handbuch des politischen Systems Österreichs, eds., Herbert Dachs et al. Vienna: Manz, 1991. Nick, Rainer, and Anton Pelinka. Österreichs politische Landschaft. Innsbruck: Haymon Verlag, 1993. ------. Parlamentarismus in Österreich. Vienna: Jugend und Volk, 1984. Nick, Rainer, and Sieghard Viertler. "Survey of Austrian Politics." Pages 193-210 in Günter Bischof and Anton Pelinka (eds.), Austria in the New Europe. (Contemporary Austrian Studies, No. 1.) New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Books, 1993. Neisser, Heinrich. "Die Reform der Nationalratswahlordnung." Pages 361-85 in Österreichisches Jahrbuch für Politik, 1992, eds., Andreas Khol, Günther Ofner, and Alfred Stirnemann. Vienna: Verlag für Geschichte und Politik, 1993. Österreichisches Jahrbuch für Politik, 1992. (Eds., Andreas Kohl, Gunther Ofner, and Alfred Stirnemann.) Vienna: Verlag für Geschichte und Politik, 1993. Pelinka, Anton. "The Peculiarities of Politics in Austria: The Constitution, Federalism, Parliamentary and Social Democracy." Pages 47-54 in Jim Sweeney and Josef Weidenholzer (eds.), Austria: A Study in Modern Achievement. Aldershot, United Kingdom: Avebury, 1988. Prisching, Manfred. "The Transformation of Austria in the Context of New Europe." Pages 81-106 in Günter Bischof and Anton Pelinka (eds.), Austria in the New Europe. (Contemporary Austrian Studies, No. 1.) New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Books, 1993. Quendler, Franz. "Österreich in internationalen Organisationen." Pages 705-18 in Handbuch des politischen Systems Österreichs, eds., Herbert Dachs et al. Vienna: Manz, 1991. Steiner, Kurt (ed.). Modern Austria. Palo Alto, California: Society for the Promotion of Science and Scholarship, 1981. Stuhlpfarrer, Karl. Austria: Permanently Neutral--Austrian Foreign Policy since 1945. Vienna: Federal Press Service, 1987. Sully, Melanie A. A Contemporary History of Austria. London: Routledge, 1990. ------. Political Parties and Elections in Austria. London: C. Hurst, 1981. Sweeney, Jim, and Josef Weidenholzer (eds.). Austria: A Study in Modern Achievement. Aldershot, United Kingdom: Avebury, 1988. Weidenholzer, Josef. Der österreichische Weg: Einsichten und Aussichten. Vienna: Zimmermann und Karrer, 1989. Wicha, Barbara. "Parteienfinanzierung in Österreich." Pages 489-526 in Anton Pelinka and Fritz Plasser (eds.), Das österreichische Parteiensystem. Vienna: Bohlau, 1988. Widder, Helmut. "Der Nationalrat." Pages 261-336 in Herbert Schambeck (ed.), Österreichs Parlamentarismus: Werden und System. Berlin: Duncker und Humblot, 1986. (Various issues of the following periodicals were also used in the preparation of this chapter: DMS Market Intelligent Report; Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Report: Portugal [London]; Foreign Broadcast Information Service, Daily Report: West Europe; Jane's Defence Weekly [London]; New York Times; and Washington Post.)
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