| Turkey Table of Contents
Although Turkey was secularized at the official level, religion remained a strong force at the popular level. After 1950 some political leaders tried to benefit from popular attachment to religion by espousing support for programs and policies that appealed to the religiously inclined. Such efforts were opposed by most of the political elite, who believed that secularism was an essential principle of Kemalism. This disinclination to appreciate religious values and beliefs gradually led to a polarization of society. The polarization became especially evident in the 1980s as a new generation of educated but religiously motivated local leaders emerged to challenge the dominance of the secularized political elite. These new leaders have been assertively proud of Turkey's Islamic heritage and generally have been successful at adapting familiar religious idioms to describe dissatisfaction with various government policies. By their own example of piety, prayer, and political activism, they have helped to spark a revival of Islamic observance in Turkey. By 1994 slogans promising that a return to Islam would cure economic ills and solve the problems of bureaucratic inefficiencies had enough general appeal to enable avowed religious candidates to win mayoral elections in Istanbul and Ankara, the country's two most secularized cities. Islam 
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Source: U.S. Library of Congress |
The institutional secularization of Turkey was the most prominent and
most controversial feature of Atatürk's reforms. Under his leadership,
the caliphate--office of the successors to Muhammad, the supreme
politico-religious office of Islam, and symbol of the sultan's claim to
world leadership of all Muslims--was abolished. The secular power of the
religious authorities and functionaries was reduced and eventually
eliminated. The religious foundations (evkaf ; sing., vakif
) were nationalized, and religious education was restricted and for a
time prohibited. The influential and popular mystical orders of the
dervish brotherhoods also were suppressed.